Physical activity (PA) and nutrition make crucial elements of a healthy lifestyle, as they tend to influence energy balance, promote the functional ability of various systems, and improve immunity. Infections and associated symptoms remain common and frequent challenges to human health that cause severe economic and social consequences worldwide.

During aging, the human immune system experiences dramatic changes/dysfunctions known as immunosenescence. Clinically, immunosenescence describes a gradual deterioration of the immune system that increases exposure to infections and reduces vaccine efficacy. Such phenomenon may be due to impaired immune responses that lead to dysfunction of multiple organs while lacking physical activity, progressive loss of muscle mass, and the concomitant decline in muscle strength boosting immunosenescence and inflammation. 

A recent review discussed nutrition and PA′s role, which can synergistically boost the immune system. Evidence suggests the beneficial effects of long-term PA in improving the immune system and preventing various infections. 

The review also discussed several nutritional strategies for improving the immune system. However, the available evidence shows conflicting results. Regarding interaction with food intake, it showed that PA does not tend to increase energy intake during a short time. However, overcoming nutritional deficiencies may be the most practical recommendation. One can fulfill the bodily requirement of optimal nutrition through a balanced nutritious diet intake that significantly impacts the immune system. The review also highlighted that supplementation of a single nutrient as food is normally not advisable; rather, incorporating various fruits and vegetables, whole grains, proteins, and probiotics will help ensure adequate nutrient intake. Thus, multi-nutrient supplements may benefit people having a deficiency in spite of a sufficient diet. Along with PA, supplementation of probiotics, bovine colostrum, plant-derived products, and functional foods may improve the immune system.

In summary, both exercise and a well-balanced diet will help enhance immunity and fight infection in a large number of people. Immunosenescence is a new challenge for an aging population, so interventions to boost immunity are extremely beneficial. PA and following a balanced diet throughout life will help reduce the adverse impact of age-related immune dysfunction. 

Shao T, Verma HK, Pande B, et al., Physical Activity and Nutritional Influence on Immune Function: An Important Strategy to Improve Immunity and Health Status. Frontiers in Physiology. 2021;12. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.751374